Experimental determination and modelling of fuel rate of injection: A review

The fuel injection rate knowledge is essential for the evolution of injection systems, improving engine performance, and controlling emissions. Fuel injection rate modelling from experimental data can go a long way in studying the injection rate's behaviour in all operating ranges of an engine. Further, injection rate modelling makes it possible to considerably reduce the experimental data required for the injection rate study. The study of injection rates mainly used with the Bosch method and its modeling are a useful, simple and alternative tool that improves the understanding of the process and can feed thermodynamic studies, improving the precision of the studied parameters. This work analyses the existing publications in this field of study. This study is based on 156 scientific papers published between 2003 and 2022. Most of the studies aim to increase the precision of the measurement and modelling of the fuel injection rate in reciprocating internal combustion engines from zero-dimensional to other more complex simulation models. This document is structured into two parts; firstly, the development and evolution of various methods and methodologies for measuring the injection rate, together with the theoretical mathematical equation that defines the behaviour of the fuel injection rate in reciprocating internal combustion engines generically. In the second part of this study, the most common mathematical modelling methodologies are brought together, emphasizing the experimental data used to develop and validate the models.