Artificial intelligence in political communication and citizens’ perceptions of disinformation and democratic legitimacy in Ecuador

This study analyzes citizens’ perceptions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in electoral campaigns in Ecuador, emphasizing the intersections between technology, ethics, and democratic legitimacy. The research adopts a quantitative, exploratory-descriptive approach based on a structured survey that identifies patterns of interpretation and attitudes toward the political use of AI. Results indicate that most respondents acknowledge the growing presence of AI in political communication but maintain an ambivalent stance toward its implications. While its potential for efficiency and personalization is valued, concerns persist regarding manipulation, disinformation, and data privacy. The perception of influence is stronger at the symbolic and discursive level than in actual voting behavior, suggesting that AI shapes imaginaries and emotional climates rather than electoral outcomes. Statistical analysis identifies three attitudinal profiles: a critical-regulatory group demanding ethical control, an ambivalent group oscillating between curiosity and uncertainty, and a disengaged minority characterized by low media literacy. The findings highlight the emergence of a politically conscious digital citizenry that perceives AI as both opportunity and risk. The study concludes that the legitimacy of AI in electoral contexts depends on the establishment of transparent ethical frameworks and the strengthening of digital literacy to ensure responsible and participatory democratic engagement in technologically mediated societies.