Game-Based Learning and Mobile Learning: An Umbrella Review on Pedagogical Foundations and Outcomes

In recent years, the integration of Game-Based Learning (GBL), gamification, and mobile learning (m-learning) has gained traction as innovative educational strategies, yet their interrelations remain underexplored. This umbrella review analyzed 18 studies from an initial pool of 60 meta-analyses and systematic reviews, applying the PICO methodology to examine their pedagogical foundations and effectiveness. Findings indicate that m-learning enhances academic performance when combined with methodologies like GBL, Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL), and Project-Based Learning (PBL), fostering teamwork, collaboration, and engagement. While gamification increases motivation through game-like elements, GBL offers a structured, immersive learning experience. The results highlight a shift from a superficial gamified system design to a learner-centered approach, emphasizing students’ needs and interactions with mobile technology. The study underscores the necessity of aligning digital learning environments with evidence-based pedagogical frameworks, particularly PBL and GBL, to maximize educational outcomes and engagement.