Integrated Transportation–Distribution Network Planning for Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations With Queueing-Based Sizing and Renewable Support

The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and the deployment of fast charging stations (FCSs) create strong interactions between transportation networks and power distribution systems, potentially leading to traffic congestion, voltage degradation, and increased feeder losses. This paper presents an integrated transportation–power network framework to assess the operational impacts of EV fast charging and to support optimal planning of FCSs, solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems, and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). EV mobility is modelled using the Sioux Falls transportation network, where distance-weighted shortest routes are identified for all origin–destination pairs using the Floyd–Warshall algorithm. Traffic flow and normalized temporal arrival patterns are used to derive station-specific EV arrival rates. The resulting charging demand is mapped to the IEEE 69-bus radial distribution system through coupled nodes on the transportation model. The queueing-theory formulation is applied in the sizing of charging ports at each FCS, ensuring queue stability and a maximum allowable waiting time. EV penetration scenarios are investigated to evaluate the scalability of the fast-charging station and the distribution system. A time-coupled load flow analysis is conducted to examine voltage profiles, the voltage deviation index, and active power losses. Results show that uncoordinated FCS integration causes noticeable voltage drops and increased losses, particularly at higher EVs penetration levels. Coordinated integration and sizing of SPV and BESS at FCS locations significantly improves voltage regulation and reduces system losses while maintaining acceptable charging service performance. The proposed framework provides a practical, scalable approach for planning EV fast-charging infrastructure to support increased EV adoption.