Energy and Emission Penalties Associated with Air and Fuel Filter Degradation in a Light-Duty Vehicle Under Real Driving Emission Conditions

This study quantifies the effect of air and fuel filter restriction on fuel consumption, regulated pollutants (CO and HC), and CO₂ greenhouse gas emissions under real driving conditions in a hilly high-altitude environment. Four filter configurations were evaluated: clean air filter–clean fuel filter (CAF–CFF, reference), dirty air filter–clean fuel filter (DAF–CFF), clean air filter–dirty fuel filter (CAF–DFF), and dirty air filter–dirty fuel filter (DAF–DFF). Each test was repeated three times over the same RDE route in Quito (≈2100–2900 m). Fuel consumption was estimated from ECU-based signals, and CO₂ emission factors and regulated pollutant (CO and HC) emission factors were computed from measured exhaust concentrations and distance normalization. Results were analyzed by RDE section (urban, rural, motorway) and expressed as percent changes relative to the reference configuration to directly isolate filter restriction effects. Relative to CAF–CFF, DAF–CFF produced the largest increase in average fuel consumption (+7.2%) and the largest urban CO₂ penalty (+22.7%), indicating a strong efficiency sensitivity to intake restriction under transient operation. CAF–DFF increased average fuel consumption by 6% and produced the strongest motorway penalties for CO (+77.3%) and HC (+44.4%), suggesting that fuel delivery restriction has a stronger influence on incomplete oxidation products under sustained higher load. The combined restriction (DAF–DFF) showed non-additive responses depending on the operating regime. Random Forest models were trained to estimate CO₂, CO, and HC, achieving R² values of 0.8571, 0.8229, and 0.7690, respectively, while multiple linear regression achieved an R² of 0.852 for fuel consumption. The proposed approach supports data-driven monitoring of filter restriction effects under real driving operation, while acknowledging that fuel consumption and CO₂ are obtained through different measurement and conversion paths and may not yield identical percent changes.