Diagnóstico Bacteriológico en Infecciones Orales en la era Genómica y Proteómica

The bacteriological diagnosis of oral infections has evolved significantly with the development of genomic and proteomic techniques, overcoming the limitations of traditional culture-based methods. Objective: This systematic review aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the applicability, accuracy, and limitations of genomic and proteomic techniques in diagnosing oral infections. Materials and methods: A retrospective documentary systematic review was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Fifteen studies published between 2015 and 2024 were analyzed; massive sequencing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry reach sensitivities of 92–98 % in identifying periodontal pathogens (e. g. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans), compared to 65–70 % for conventional cultures. These technologies also allow detection of non-cultivable species and characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Conclusion: Genomic and proteomic techniques have substantially improved bacteriological diagnosis of oral infections, surpassing the limitations of traditional methods and enabling more precise pathogen identification and resistance profiling.